Research Article
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Article title
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Abstract
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Keywords
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Introduction
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Methods
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1. Data Sources and Sampling Procedures
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2. Data Processing
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3. Trade Indicators and Computation
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3.1. Trade-Level Vectors
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3.2. Share Indicators
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3.3. Trade Balances
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3.4. Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)
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3.5. Trade Intensity Index (TII)
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4. Visualization and Reproducibility
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Results
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1. Pharmaceutical Products Import Trends Across Individual BRICS Countries (2012–2023)
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2. Pharmaceutical Products Export Trends Across Individual BRICS Countries (2012–2023)
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3. Pharmaceutical Products Trade Balance of BRICS Countries (2012–2023): Trends and Disparities
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4. Trade Intensity of Pharmaceutical Exports within the BRICS10 Bloc (2012–2023)
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5. BRICS10 Pharmaceutical Imports: External Shares, Internal Trade, and Growth Trends (2012–2023)
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6. BRICS10 Pharmaceutical Exports: External Shares, Internal Trade, and Growth Trends (2012–2023)
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Discussion
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Overview of Principal Findings
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Evolving Import–Export Patterns
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IntraBloc Fragmentation and Trade Intensity
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Methodological Reflections and Limitations
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Policy Implications for BRICS10 Pharmaceutical Integration
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Future Research Directions
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Conclusion
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Data Availability
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References
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Appendix 1 — Inflation Adjustment and Interpretation of BRICS10 Pharmaceutical Trade Value Trends (2012–2023)
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Methods
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Results and Discussion
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Appendix 2 — Analysis of Potential Biases in Mirror Statistics for Intra-Regional Trade Estimation (2013–2021)
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Methods
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Results and Discussion
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