Research Article |
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Corresponding author: Elena Slepenkova ( slepenkova@econ.msu.ru ) Academic editor: Marina Sheresheva
© 2026 Ningaya Zhu, Elena Slepenkova.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Zhu N, Slepenkova E (2026) Comparing the Challenges of Implementing Artificial Intelligence in the Marketing Technology Markets: Russia vs. China. BRICS Journal of Economics 7(3): 77-99. https://doi.org/10.3897/brics-econ.7.e183272
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At present, the structure and dynamics of the marketing technology (MarTech) market are shaped by the development of artificial intelligence (AI). This paper is the first to present a cross-country comparison of MarTech markets. It aims to identify experiences in AI implementation, determine prospects for market development and show that the adoption of AI in corporate marketing varies among user segments... As this approach has not been discussed in Russian scholarly literature, the segmentation is carried out using evidence from participants in the Russian MarTech market.
The article includes a literature review, a comparison of the Chinese and Russian MarTech markets, an analysis of user segments, and an investigation of AI adoption in corporate marketing. The literature section is organized according to the impact of AI on marketing technologies within different market segments. The comparison of marketing technologies markets is based on the analysis of search queries by internet users in Russia and China, across different product segments of MarTech. The data for Russia were obtained using the Yandex Wordstat service, while the data for China were collected from the Baidu search engine and the 5118 platform.
To identify user segments with different AI adoption processes in marketing, a survey was conducted from September to November 2025, involving 407 Russian companies that use marketing services.
The hypothesis that the Chinese and Russian MarTech markets have different structures, reflecting distinct AI technology adoption trajectories, is confirmed. The hypothesis that user segments with varying needs for AI adoption in marketing can be identified is also supported. Using the Russian market as an example, it has been shown that there are three user segments in which AI adoption processes differ.
A pioneering comparison of the two countries’ market structures was conducted using an accepted international practice segmentation methodology. Evidence from the Russian market shows that the process of adopting AI in corporate marketing depends on company size and prior AI experience. The findings presented here are significant and original from theoretical and practical perspectives.
Artificial Intelligence and marketing technologies, MarTech market segments, cross-country comparison of MarTech markets, digital marketing transformation, digital footprint monitoring, user segments of AI-enabled marketing services.
The rapid development of the marketing technology (MarTech) market is evidenced by its exponential growth. According to
There are various approaches to integrating AI with marketing technologies. Companies show a preference for a hybrid approach to AI adoption: 60% combine standalone AI tools with built-in AI functionalities, 23% rely exclusively on newly developed AI solutions, and 17% integrate AI capabilities into their existing systems (
Modern marketers are actively integrating AI into various aspects of their marketing activities, which is reflected in the segmented structure of the MarTech market. According to the classification proposed by Scott Brinker (
Publications on the impact of AI on marketing technologies were searched in the Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and Google Scholar databases for the period 2019–2025. Key English-language search queries included: artificial intelligence in marketing, marketing technology, MarTech, digital marketing, AI adoption in marketing, and marketing automation. The selection process was carried out in three stages: First, articles were filtered by titles and keywords. Second, abstracts were analyzed for relevance to the impact of AI on marketing. Finally, the full texts were read. Peer-reviewed articles from top-quartile (Q1–Q2) marketing journals were prioritized. Papers from reputable interdisciplinary journals and specialized conferences were also included when no journal articles addressing specific aspects of AI’s impact on marketing technologies across different MarTech market segments were available.
The authors of this publication classified the literature sources according to the theme of AI’s impact on marketing technologies across MarTech market segments and subsegments, following the methodology established by S. Brinker in international practice (
Scholarly literature on the ways artificial intelligence impacts marketing technologies, grouped by three of the six MarTech market segments
| MarTech Market Segment and Subsegments | AI Impact Pathways | Literature Sources |
| 1. Content and Experience | ||
| 1.1. Content Marketing | Communication style adapts to the target audience, supported by AI-generated textual and visual marketing content. |
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| 1.2. Content Management System(CMS), Digital Asset Management(DAM), Product Information Management(PIM) | AI enables integration of digital channels, personalizes user experiences, and manages content based on data analytics. |
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| 1.3. Email Marketing | AI optimizes segmentation and targeting of email campaigns, increasing message relevance for different audiences. |
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| 1.4. Interactive Content | AI manages interactive elements, including chatbots and predictive analytics, enhancing engagement and content personalization. | |
| 1.5. Marketing Automation and Lead Management | AI predicts potential customer behavior and manages leads, improving the effectiveness of automated campaigns. |
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| 1.6. Mobile Applications | AI analyzes mobile app user behavior, adapting content and communication in real time. | |
| 1.7. Content Optimization, Personalization, and Testing | AI conducts A/B testing and content personalization, enhancing campaign effectiveness and user conversion. |
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| 1.8. Search Engine Optimization (SEO) | AI analyzes keywords, website structure and search algorithms to improve site visibility and influence purchase intent. |
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| 1.9. Video Marketing | AI generates video content, supports video analytics, increases audience engagement and optimizes visual and audiovisual elements for marketing and consumer behavior research. |
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| 2. Social and Relationships | ||
| 2.1. Key Account Marketing (ABM) | Predictive analytics and recommendations extend CRM capabilities in ABM, while chatbots support interactions with key accounts. | |
| 2.2. Call Analytics and Management | AI automates call segmentation and classification, topic extraction, and intent detection, improving analysis accuracy and service efficiency. |
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| 2.3. Customer Service and Support | Machine learning, NLP and sentiment analysis provide instant support and omnichannel service, enhancing customer satisfaction. |
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| 2.4. Influencer Marketing | AI selects influencers (including virtual influencers), personalizes communication, adapts strategies and evaluates campaign effectiveness. |
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| 2.5. CRM Systems | Automation, personalized service and AI-powered analytics enhance CRM capabilities. |
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| 2.6. Loyalty and Recommendations | Predictive AI analytics and personalized recommendations improve consumer trust and the effectiveness of loyalty programs. |
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| 2.7. Communities and Reviews | AI-driven analysis of reviews and feedback increases engagement and refines marketing tactics. |
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| 2.8. Events, Meetings, and Webinars | AI automates meeting minute creation, integrates multimodal information (audio, video, text) and improves the accuracy, coherence and accessibility of automatic transcriptions. |
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| 2.9. Social Media Marketing and Monitoring | Personalized interactions and AI analysis of dialogue structures promote increased engagement and customer loyalty. | |
| 2.10. Chat and Chatbots | Omnichannel service is transformed by AI through instant support and personalized client interactions. |
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| 3. Data | ||
| 3.1. Marketing Analytics Effectiveness and Attribution | Predictive AI models and customer journey mapping are used to evaluate ROI and support managerial decision-making. |
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| 3.2. Audience/Marketing Data and Scaling | AI-driven analysis of large customer and behavioral datasets for audience targeting, content personalization and selection of marketing channels. | |
| 3.3. Cloud Storage/Data Integration and Tag Management | AI-enabled cloud integration, scalable data processing and decision support with quality, privacy, and security controls. |
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| 3.4. Business Analytics/Customer Analytics | AI enhances the analysis of customer data, including segmentation, sentiment analysis, predictive modeling and detailed marketing attribution. |
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| 3.5. Data Management Platforms | AI integrates predictive analytics with cloud platforms to improve the integration of marketing tools and data management. |
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| 3.6. Dashboards and Data Visualization | Key performance indicators are visualized using ML models and interactive dashboards to assess marketing campaign effectiveness. |
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| 3.7. Data Validation and Security | AI supports risk management, ensuring transparency, confidentiality and data protection, including accountability for AI systems. |
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| 3.8. Mobile and Web Analytics | AI analyzes web and mobile data and target users, and optimizes channels based on big data insights s. |
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| 3.9. Customer Data Platform | AI integrates customer data to enhance analytics, management, and engagement with clients and other marketing platforms. |
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As shown in Table
Thus, the focus in Chinese and Russian scholarly literature is either on individual AI marketing functions or on marketing digitalization and barriers to AI adoption. However, a comparative analysis of the structure of national MarTech markets from the perspective of product segments has yet to be conducted. This gap highlights the importance of the present study, given that the development of MarTech market segments is currently being driven by AI. Russian and Chinese literature emphasizes marketing technologies from various MarTech market segments. This leads to the following hypothesis:
H1: The structure of the Russian and Chinese marketing technology markets differs across product segments.
The existing literature more often explains companies’ need for AI-based marketing technologies through organizational conditions for technology adoption. Studies have shown that the implementation and use of these technologies depend on digital culture, employee competencies, data readiness and IT infrastructure (
Another group of studies links the use of AI to company size, resources and the level of AI adoption, highlighting financial and organizational barriers faced by small firms (
Chinese literature presents approaches to segmenting users of marketing technologies in studies that characterize the stages of development and prospects of the MarTech market (
Although Russian academic literature addresses digital transformation and AI capabilities, it has not yet examined how Russian companies overcome the challenges of adopting AI in marketing. Only one study -
The preceding points underscore the importance of this research and allow for the formulation of the following hypothesis:
H2: Companies’ needs for AI adoption in marketing vary depending on company size and prior AI experience.
The importance and authority of the MarTechMap crowdsourced database, which is based on the division of the marketing technology market into six product segments according to S. Brinker, is universally recognized. However, the scope of the map excludes the Chinese and Russian markets, for which no crowdsourced map is currently available. Additionally, there is a notable absence of independent annual reviews that aggregate supplier data by MarTech segment. Consequently, a direct comparison of the MarTech markets is an arduous task, and to the best of the authors’ knowledge, it has never been done. The research model employed by the authors in the second section of this paper is grounded in practical and theoretical approaches presented in contemporary sources. For instance, the Gartner website contains a paragraph in the “Methodology” section titled “How Forecasts Work.” This paragraph indicates that one of the factors for forecasting the IT market (including the Software and Services segments) is the analysis of internet user queries. Therefore, the authors of the present article, lacking data on the MarTech markets in Russia and China, used this approach to obtain indicators of market structure. These indicators can also be used to predict the near future, as shown in research literature (
As shown in Table
Number of search queries by subsegments of the Data segment in the Chinese MarTech market
| MarTech Subsegment | Number of Search Queries (Baidu) | Number of Search Queries on Desktop (5118) | Number of Search Queries on Mobile (5118) | Total Number of Search Queries |
| 3.1. Marketing Analytics Effectiveness and Attribution Software | – | 24 | 10 | 34 |
| 3.2. Audience/Marketing Data and Advertising Scaling Services | – | – | – | 0 |
| 3.3. Cloud Storage/Data Integration and Tag Management | – | 47 | 4,588 | 4,635 |
| 3.4. Business Analytics/Customer Analytics Services | 4,802 | 2,670 | 6,772 | 14,244 |
| 3.5. Data Management Platforms | 366 | 208 | 87 | 661 |
| 3.6. Dashboards and Data Visualization Software | 258 | 150 | 108 | 516 |
| 3.7. Data Security Software | 234 | 153 | 55 | 442 |
| 3.8. Mobile and Web Analytics Services | 164 | 14 | 14 | 192 |
| 3.9. Customer Data Platform | 326 | 208 | 108 | 642 |
Number of search queries by subsegment of the Social and Relationships segment in the Russian MarTech market
| MarTech Subsegment | Number of Search Queries |
| 2.1. Key Account Marketing (ABM) Services | 266 |
| 2.2. Call Tracking Services | 70 |
| 2.2. Call Analytics Services | 578 |
| 2.3. Customer Service Services | 6,580 |
| 2.3. Customer Service Software | 13,454 |
| 2.4. Influencer Marketing Software | 2,628 |
| 2.5. CRM Systems | 59,576 |
| 2.6. Loyalty Program Services | 85,822 |
| 2.6. Recommendation System Services | 13,711 |
| 2.7. Brand Community Management Software/Services | 820 |
| 2.7. Review Management Services | 112,054 |
| 2.8. Webinar Platforms | 8,505 |
| 2.8. Marketing Event Services | 3,464 |
| 2.9. Social Media Management (SMM) Software | 660 |
| 2.9. Social Media Monitoring Services | 950 |
| 2.10. Website Online Chat | 882 |
| 2.10. Messenger Bot | 5,860 |
From October to November 2025, we analyzed search query volumes, taking into account the linguistic specifics of each country. For China, data from Baidu and the 5118 marketing data platform were used, including desktop and mobile search queries. These queries were then summed. For Russia, keyword search volume data were collected via the Yandex Wordstat service. Both the Chinese and Russian services track search query volumes, ensuring data comparability. To enable clear comparison between the two markets, the analysis was conducted based on the percentage share of queries across MarTech market segments rather than absolute query counts (see Figure
Figure
The reasons for the pronounced dominance of the data segment are analyzed in Table
In order to assess user interest in marketing technology solutions in Russia, an analysis was conducted of the volume of major search queries across MarTech market segments for the year 2025.
Figure
As shown in Table
Figure
The comparison results reveal differences in the structure of internet user queries related to the MarTech market in Russia and China. In Russia, the largest proportion of queries fall within the Social and Relationships segment. Meanwhile, queries for products in the E-Commerce, Advertising and Promotion, and Marketing Management segments are distributed relatively evenly, with the smallest share pertaining to the Data Management segment. In contrast, Chinese users show a particularly high level of interest in the Data Management segment, while the Advertising and Promotion segment receives the lowest share of queries.
In Chinese scientific literature, user segments in the MarTech market are categorized by industry and functional characteristics. The existence of such segments in the Russian MarTech market has not yet been studied. In this paper, the authors address this issue in the context of AI implementation for marketing purposes by Russian companies. In the third section of the paper, the authors relied on the research model applied by S. Brinker et al. during the surveys conducted in December 2024 and the first quarter of 2025 on AI adoption in company marketing stacks for MarTech market segmentation (
This study uses a questionnaire developed by the authors of this article to analyze the Russian MarTech market. The questionnaire has a specific structure and logic. Following a screening question (Q1) about the use of marketing services within company activities, the first section of the questionnaire begins with ‘Experience in Using Marketing Technologies’. Respondents are then asked to select the MarTech market segment and sub-segment to which they believe their technologies belong. Questions Q9–Q11 cover the preferred number of functions, the pricing model for services and problems encountered when implementing and using marketing technologies. The second section (Q12–Q16) of the questionnaire is devoted to the use of AI in company marketing. The third section, ‘About Your Company’ (Q17–Q20), collects information about the company and the person completing the questionnaire.
To study and segment consumers in the Russian MarTech market, a survey of Russian users of marketing services was conducted from September to November 2025. Responses were collected from 407 participants. The following methods were used to obtain respondents’ answers:
1. Direct distribution of the questionnaire to respondents;
2. Sharing the survey link within the professional community Telegram Data Practicum Chat;
3. Distribution of the questionnaire through the Russian survey platform Anketolog, used for survey creation, administration and analysis;
4. Formal face-to-face questionnaire interviews at conferences: 1) MarTech Spring, AdTech Talks ’24; 2) Marketing Data Analytics 2025.
Sample characteristics. To confirm the use of MarTech, a screening question was included at the beginning of the questionnaire: “Do you use marketing technologies (MarTech) in your work for the company?” Out of 519 respondents, 407 confirmed that they use marketing services. The respondent companies varied in size: 22.1% were small enterprises with 1–50 employees, 30.0% were medium-sized enterprises with 51–200 employees, and 47.9% were large enterprises with 201 or more employees. In terms of professional roles, the sample included technical and marketing specialists (26.0%), content specialists (16.2%), advertising specialists (9.6%), managers (31.2%), individual entrepreneurs (12.3%), and representatives of other categories (4.7%). Overall, 88.0% of respondents said that their company uses artificial intelligence for marketing purposes.
The primary method used to process the survey data for the purpose of segmentation was cluster analysis (
Clustering was performed using SPSS 27.0 based on the following questionnaire items: Q9 – preferences for using specialized or multifunctional marketing services; Q10 – assessment of price dependence on the number of functions in a service; Q13 – frequency of AI tool usage; Q14 – expectations regarding staff replacement by AI; Q15 – assessment of AI’s impact on business practices; Q16 – existence of an official AI usage policy in the company; Q18 – company size; Q19 – duration of marketing technology usage; and Q20 – respondent’s position.
To validate the clustering, multicollinearity was assessed using the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF), which identifies excessive correlation between variables. This analysis was conducted using SPSS 27.0 on a sample of 407 completed questionnaires that had no missing values.
Based on the assessment, all variables had VIF values below 5, indicating the absence of significant linear dependence among them and allowing the selected set of variables to be used for multiple regression and other multivariate analysis methods (see Table
| Variable | VIF |
| Q9 – Service Type | 1.046 |
| Q10 – Pricing Model | 1.092 |
| Q13 – Usage Frequency | 1.165 |
| Q14 – AI Replacement Prospects | 1.057 |
| Q15 – Expected Impact | 1.267 |
| Q16 – Generative AI Policy | 1.094 |
| Q18 – Company Size | 1.103 |
| Q19 – MarTech Usage Experience | 1.137 |
| Q20 – Respondent Position | 1.025 |
The cluster analysis identified three user segments. The first segment included 112 respondents, the second 182, and the third 113, as shown in Figure
| Segment 1 — Large Companies | Segment 2 — Medium and Advanced Small Companies | Segment 3 — Lagging Small Companies | |
| Company size | 101–500 employees | 11–200 employees | 11–50 employees |
| Industry focus of marketing services used | Communication Services (32.14%); Consumer Goods (29.46%); Information Technology (28.57%) | Consumer Goods (34.07%); Information Technology (28.02%); Finance (26.92%) | Consumer Goods (33.63%); Information Technology (24.78%); Finance (26.92%) |
| Average frequency of AI tool usage | 2.7 times per week | 3.9 times per week | 0.3 times per week |
| Expected impact of AI on company operations | Neutral impact | Positive impact | Neutral impact |
| AI usage policy | Through central team | Through central team | Through central team |
| Segment needs | High degree of customization; compatibility with complex IT infrastructure; compliance with data security and regulatory requirements | Efficient, flexible solutions delivering rapid business value; user-friendly | Simple and convenient tools; minimal technological barriers |
| Preferences for service functionality | Multifunctional platforms | Multifunctional platforms | Multifunctional platforms |
| Experience with marketing services | 2.2 years | 1.7 years | 1.5 years |
Segment 1 comprises large companies with moderate AI usage intensity. Segment 2 consists of medium and advanced small companies with a high frequency of AI usage. Segment 3 consists of small companies that are lagging behind with low AI usage frequency.
Figure
Statistical significance of differences between segments in AI usage frequency
| Value | Asymptotic Standard Errora | Approximate Tb | Approximate Significance | ||
| Nominal by Nominal | Phi | .822 | <.001 | ||
| Cramer's V | .581 | <.001 | |||
| interval by interval | Pearson's R | .500 | .043 | 11.626 | <.001c |
| Ordinal by Ordinal | Spearman Correlation | .473 | .0.48 | 10.804 | <.001c |
| N of Valid Cases | 407 |
Figure
Figure
The highest percentage of respondents who rated the impact of AI as positive is found in Segment 2, which comprises medium and advanced small companies (77.5%). This corresponds with the more frequent and active use of marketing technologies and AI within this segment. In Segment 1 (large companies), positive evaluations also predominate (62.5%), though the proportion of respondents is lower than in Segment 2. In Segment 3, which comprises lagging small companies, 38.9% of respondents assessed the impact of AI positively, while 27.4% were unsure. This suggests that perceptions of the practical effects of AI are not yet fully formed in this segment and companies in Segment 3 are less ready to adopt it.
Figure
Multifunctional platforms are the most demanded across all segments: Segment 1 — large companies (82.1% of respondents), Segment 2 — medium and advanced small companies (75.3% of respondents), and Segment 3 — lagging small companies (58.4% of respondents). Companies in different segments use marketing technologies with varying intensity, which accounts for the differences in preferences between segments.
The following priorities can be observed among the user segments: Segment 1: Large companies value customization and security.
Segment 2: Medium and small advanced companies focus on efficiency and convenience.
Segment 3: Small lagging companies prioritize simplicity and ease of use.
Figure
The study showed that, in contemporary research literature, AI is considered a key factor in transforming marketing technologies across all MarTech market segments and subsegments. The size and dynamics of these segments are determined by the extent to which companies adopt AI for marketing purposes.
This article is the first to attempt a comparison of the structure of the MarTech markets in Russia and China across six product segments, based on S. Brinker’s methodology and in line with global practice. Monitoring of digital traces has shown that users in China demonstrate a stronger interest in data management, whereas queries in Russia are more focused on communication with customers and promotional practices. Chinese users are predominantly attracted to issues of business analytics, including marketing effectiveness and customer data analysis. The prevailing interests of Russian users pertain to the management of customer relationships through review management services, loyalty programmes, CRM systems and recommendation systems. In these market subsegments, AI adoption in both countries is expected to proceed at an accelerated pace.
The obtained data confirm the hypothesis of structural differences between the Chinese and Russian MarTech markets, broken down by segment. These differences reflect market-specific demands and different AI technology adoption trajectories. Russian software providers should pay more attention to implementing AI in data management, while Chinese marketers should consider the Russian experience in developing customer relationships using AI.
A survey of 407 companies using marketing technologies in the Russian market identified three distinct segments with respect to the process of AI adoption in company marketing. Segment 1 consists of large companies with more than two years’ experience of using marketing technologies, who employ AI in marketing approximately three times per week. These companies primarily require a high degree of solution customization, compatibility with comprehensive IT infrastructures, and compliance with data security and regulatory requirements. Segment 2 comprises small and medium-sized enterprises that are advanced in their use of AI. These companies require effective, flexible solutions that are user-friendly and provide quick returns. Segment 3 comprises small companies lagging in AI usage. These companies need simple and convenient marketing tools with maximum ease of use to avoid additional investment in staff training.
The findings appear to be relevant both theoretically and practically for researchers and practitioners in China and Russia.